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Title:
Abortive Military Dictatorship: A New Explanation for the 1911 “Luanzhou Armed Remonstrance”
Abstract:
During the 1911 Revolution, some northern army officers used force to request the Qing dynasty to adopt constitutional reforms, an event known as the “Luanzhou Armed Remonstrance”. The key figures leading this mutiny were Zhang Shaozeng, Wu Luzhen, and Lan Tianwei, all graduates of the Japanese Military Academy and renowned as the “Three Military Stars”. Faced with imminent military pressure, the Qing dynasty had to immediately implement constitutional reforms and set up a British-style constitutional monarchy. However, the “Three Military Stars” did not withdraw their troops. Instead, they actively planned a military advance on Beijing, but ultimately met with failure. Unlike previous interpretations, the “Luanzhou Armed Remonstrance” was
neither a constitutionalist armed petition nor an anti-Manchu revolutionary uprising disguised as “loyalty to the emperor”, but rather an unsuccessful attempt by a group of modern military personnel with nationalist ideas to establish a military dictatorship through force.
