HICCS 2025

This panel examines diverse educational paradigms, from historical controversies in mission schools and early Chinese student journeys to innovative teaching practices in study-abroad programs and the impact of AI on academic information literacy.

Chit Shing So
Graduate School of Global Studies, Doshisha University, Ph.D Candidate

Title:
There Is No Necessity Constraining Us to Teach English to Those Native Youth: The ABCFM and the Controversy of English Education in the 1840s China's Mission School

Abstract:
Before the establishment of Tongwen Guan by the Qing government in 1862, which symbolized that China officially recognized the study of European languages as essential to the country, missionaries were one of the significant groups that taught the Chinese study of European languages. As early as 1839, since Samul R. Brown (1810-1880), an American missionary, took charge of the school of the Morrison Education Society, English had become an important part of missionaries to teach Chinese students. After that, the teaching of English was adopted by American missionaries and became one of the common lessons of the American Mission Schools in China. Nevertheless, not all the missionaries and home boards agreed that teaching English in the Mission schools was appropriate. In the former research, however, some theories, such as J. K. Fairbank's "Impact-response" and Paul A. Cohen's "Self-reflection," tried to focus on the Chinese side and discussed how the Chinese adopted and rejected Western knowledge. There was insufficient attention to the attitude of the Westerners, especially how and why some of the Westerners were against the Chinese studying Western knowledge, which also affected the Chinese, besides the factors of the Chinese side. This article is going to elucidate the controversy of English education in the 1840s China's Mission School, by using the manuscript from the archives of the ABCFM. It indicates how the study of foreign languages, especially English, in China was disturbed by the Westerner side, and reconsiders the outer influence towards the modernization (or Westernization) of China. (Refer to the speaker's profile page for full abstract)

Veronica Fu
University of Virginia, East Asian Collections Librarian

Title:
Reclaiming the Past: Uncovering the Educational Journey of Pu-Kao Chen, a Century-Earlier Chinese Student

Abstract:
Existing research on Boxer Indemnity Scholars often focuses on collective experiences or prominent individuals. This study departs from this trend by examining the educational journey of Pu-Kao Chen, a less prominent figure. Through in-depth archival analysis of personal writings, university records, and contemporary accounts, this research reconstructs Chen's academic path, highlighting his challenges and successes as a pioneering Chinese international student. By focusing on Chen's experiences, this study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the diverse trajectories of early Chinese students in the United States, shedding light on a frequently overlooked segment of this population.

Hua Dong
Northeastern University, Coordinator of Chinese Language Program
Lauren Collins
University of Colorado Boulder, Assistant Teaching Professor

Title:
Collaborative Course Design: Engaging Students in Place-Based Learning in Faculty-Led Study-Abroad Programs

Abstract:
This paper examines the impact of engaging students as active participants in their own learning through faculty-led study abroad programs in Taiwan, highlighting how this approach deepens student learning and fosters stronger connections with the local community. Using two case studies from summer 2023 and 2024—a three-week program focused on “Memory and the Politics of Heritage” and a five-week program on “Taiwan: Language, Culture, and Society”— the presenters demonstrate how experiential learning projects that require students to plan and lead activities in the host country cultivate critical thinking, cultural empathy, creativity, group care, and flexibility.
This session will present practical strategies for implementing collaborative course design and field-based learning, addressing the challenges and successes encountered in these programs. By sharing rubrics, instructions, and student evaluations, we aim to offer insights into the transformative potential of experiential learning in study abroad settings and to inspire the integration of similar projects into other curricula. (Refer to the speaker's profile page for full abstract)

Shuqi Ye
University of Minnesota, East Asian Collections Librarian

Title:
Artificial Intelligence and Information Literacy in the Era of Academic Database-Enhanced Generative AI: Emerging Challenges, Novel Approaches, and Future Directions

Abstract:
In library science, information literacy refers to the ability to effectively use and evaluate information for research, problem-solving, decision-making, and communication. Key strategies for information literacy include evaluating information sources, employing effective search techniques, verifying accuracy, and understanding ethical considerations in information use. Librarians often work with educators to provide workshops and instruction to help students become familiar with these strategies and to develop critical thinking and reading skills. These existing information literacy strategies are increasingly challenged by the rapid development of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI). The evolving landscape makes it more difficult to evaluate and verify information sources, and prompt engineering is beginning to replace traditional search strategies. Additionally, there is an urgent need to develop strategies for the ethical use of GenAI-generated information. The introduction of generative AI tools supported by academic databases brings both challenges and opportunities to academia and academic research. This paper presents a pioneering analysis of these new tools, focusing on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, a leading platform for academic search in China and among overseas users in Chinese Studies. In March 2024, CNKI launched CNKI SMART, a generative AI tool that is designed to perform tasks including analyzing materials, generating reports, summaries, and literature reviews, drafting research outlines, and copyediting. The advent of CNKI SMART and other academic database-anchored GenAI tools are transforming researchers’ and students’ search strategies and information behaviors. (Refer to the speaker's profile page for full abstract)

探讨近现代学人与教育的探索与实践
Muchu Zhang
Yunnan Normal University, Professor

题目：
觅“政”之途：夹缝时代中的学人与学科求索 ——以近代留美政治学人张忠紱为个案之探讨

摘要：
近代中国政治学科的发端及创立，促进了中国政治价值、话语及思维从传统向现代的根本性转换，并促使中国社会的政治生活及价值观念、政治话语及治国思维从传统向现代的迅速转换。政治学人作为学科知识分子中的代表者或最优者，同时也是在学科发展有社会影响或某一方面对社会的关怀表现极为特殊的知识分子，是在学科实践活动中的创建者、活跃分子和极有影响的代表人物。从实质上来看，学人与学科两者隶属不同的领域，因此不可避免地产生了一系列复杂交错的问题，主要体现为近代学人个体大多在近代风云变幻的牵制之下努力寻找一种学人与学科理想与现实之间互动的“最近发展区”。因而，本研究以政治学人对学科求索的个案进行研究，有助于更全面、更深入地认识近代政治学科的发展历程，也有助于探寻近代政治学人如何不断塑造自我的学科观点，凝聚自我的学科目标、强化自我的学科信仰等一系列问题。值得注意的是，这一求索虽然未能涵盖整体的学科问题，但却足以折射出近代“政治变迁”与“学人一生”的双向互动命运。

Jin Guo
Soochow University, Associate Professor

题目：
私立大学何以存在：日记所见张伯苓、南开及“张彭春之问”（1923-1929）

摘要：
新发现的张彭春日记具有重要的史料价值，学界尚无利用该日记研究南开或张伯苓的成果。本文在充分利用1923-1929年间张彭春日记的基础上，辅以回忆录、校史资料等相关史料，以期对办学者、南开大学的生存境遇、重要史事等方面的研究进行补充、修订甚或改写，使之更接近历史事实。通过对张伯苓、南开大学的再研究，有助于从“日常办学”的微观视角，深入了解近代中国私立大学的办学境遇，以及进一步思考本文提出的“张彭春之问”，也即“私立大学何以存在”的时代命题。“张彭春之问”集中反映了私立大学办学者或从业者对于“私立”身份的焦虑，以及寻找办学出路的努力。

Yu-Ling Lai
University of Maryland, Graduate Student

题目：
二十世紀初期的新加坡儒學教育：千字文教材與儒家觀念之迻譯

摘要：
本文研究二十世紀初期新加坡儒學教材，關注邱菽園引領的儒學教育與興學風氣，以及邱菽園《新出千字文》教材中及其對儒家觀念的轉譯與革新。這一過程反映了儒學根據現代化浪潮的適應與變遷，也展示了二十世紀初期，儒家教育走出海外時所具備的維新色彩。

邱菽園積極推廣儒家思想及中國文化，對當時華僑社群影響甚巨。邱菽園創辦《天南新報》，積極發展刊物、興立文社、創辦學校，聚集有志之士，提倡傳統經典的研讀，指出諸多中國文化和西學相互唱和之處。於1902
年出版的《新出千字文》具有時代意義，是新加坡推行儒家教育初期重要的中文教材，映現了儒家經典在新時代的現代化與地方化。《新出千字文》每一章均有獨立標題，在傳統儒家教育中適應南洋地區的實際需求，結合社會現象和地方特色。

首兩章「放懷」與「當境」描繪出南洋風景與社會想象，透露知識份子的維新理想。「治家」與「憶舊」兩章揭示中國文化的推廣不只是文化認同，更是政治的需要。「無邪」、「知本」、「交修」以當代社會分工角色重新詮釋傳統家國關係、君臣禮儀。「多識」以在地物產為教材，展示新加坡儒學教育中文化的融合與集體意識的塑造。

This panel explores transnational educational and talent mobility, addressing trends in Chinese brain drain and gain, challenges faced by international students in China, Chinese community activism for immigrant children's education, and sustainable collaboration in online international language learning, with a focus on Chinese in Japan.

Shibao Guo
University of Calgary, Professor

Title:
Brain Drain, Brain Gain and Brain Circulation: Emerging Trends and Patterns of Chinese Transnational Talent Mobility in a Global World

Abstract:
This paper examines the changing nature of education in the age of transnational mobility between China and the globalized world. It maps the emerging trends and patterns of transnational talent mobilities as part of the overall world trend of increasing transnational migration and international student mobility. A rising China with its economic boom created the economic conditions for the mobility of Chinese people particularly to OECD countries. Guided by a transnationalism framework, we explore how education has to be rethought in the context of transnational mobility as a multidirectional process where diverse identities, forms of attachment and belonging inscribe the experiences of people as they move across geographical, cultural, national, and linguistic boundaries.
(Refer to the speaker's profile page for full abstract)

Baocun Liu
Institute of International and Comparative Education, Beijing Normal University, Professor

Title:
International Students at Chinese Universities: Challenges, Policies and Praxis Responses at Age of Uncertainty

Abstract:
At the age of internationalization, mobility of students becomes a worldwide phenomenon of higher education. In order to implement the National Medium and Long Term Education Reform and Development Plan (2010-2020) and promote the sustainable and healthy development of studying in China, the Chinese Ministry of Education issued the “Study in China Plan” in September 2010, which clearly stated the development goal to build China into a major destination for studying abroad. In 2019, there were over 490,000 international students studying in China, making it the third largest study abroad destination in the world after the United States and the United Kingdom. In 2023, China proposed to build itself into one of the most important world education centers with strong global influence, and to become a major destination for studying abroad in the world. However, in recent years, China’s international student education is facing great challenges. In the era of uncertainty, what are the main tensions between China’s international student education strategy and the external environment? What are the challenges facing international student education in China? What policies has the Chinese government already adopted and what policies will it adopt soon? What are the attitudes and response measures of Chinese higher education institutions?
(Refer to the speaker's profile page for full abstract)

Yan Guo
University of Calgary, Professor

Title:
Chinese Community Activism for Equitable Educational Policy for Immigrant Children

Abstract:
Purpose: Existing language policy research puts little emphasis on parental agency, particularly immigrant parents. This study explores how immigrant parents advocated for more equitable policies and practices for English Learners (ELs) in Alberta, Canada.
Theoretical Framework: Informed by critical language policy theory, this study examined how and to what extent language policy responds to social pressures while also serving as “an officially mandated set of rules for language use and form within a nation-state” intended to shape citizens (Spolsky, 2012, p. 3). The study takes policy as discursive practice and examines how policy is experienced and constructed locally by parents (Dagenais, 2013). It focuses on eight components of ELs policy: visibility, designation of responsibility, eligibility, duration, placement, programming, assessment and reporting, and funding (Kouritzin, 2013).
Conclusion and Implications: The study analyzes how parental advocacy groups informed educational change for new Canadians in public schools. The study thus brings new voices of immigrant parents into the educational policy process and challenges the deficit perspective that educators often hold against immigrant parents. Results of this research will provide directions for ELs policies, programs and services, as well as new insights into the effectiveness of advocacy and capacity building of immigrant parents, thus of knowledge mobilization processes (Levin, 2013).
(Refer to the speaker's profile page for full abstract)

Ming Qu
Muroran Institute of Technology, Professor

Title:
Fostering Sustainable Collaboration Through Online International Language Learning: A Case Study of Chinese Language Learning in Japan

Abstract:
The advancement of technology and the Internet has created new opportunities for foreign language learning and teaching. Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) has become widely adopted in universities around the world. The Chinese language course presented in this study was created for university students from China and Japan to study Chinese language and culture together through synchronous online communication (using Zoom) and asynchronous online communication (using Moodle).
This course lasted for 15 weeks, with 75 Japanese students participating in the study. A mixed methods approach was used to evaluate the impact of this course. The results of the quantitative analysis showed a significantly greater increase in intercultural sensitivity for the experimental group compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in test scores between the two groups. The qualitative data showed a preference for this COIL course.

本中文论坛探讨跨文化背景下语言、教育与科技的交叉议题，涵盖马来西亚华语中的马来语借词规范与描写、中国青少年社会与情感学习路径的实证研究，以及生成式人工智能在国际中文教育中的机遇、挑战与对课程设计的影响。

Su Hui Lim
Department of Chinese Language and Literature, College Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Malaysia New Era University, Assistant Professor

题目：
跨文化背景下华语的规范与描写—试论马来西亚华语中的马来语借词

摘要：
相较于大中华地区，海外华语的规范往往是棘手课题。全球化影响下，社区词虽形成于原社区，但大华语共同圈迫使其他社区无可避免有所接触。欧美或中华（中港台）的汉语交流（传媒与教育）问题表现在中英翻译之间，较少将目光扩展至其他语言的影响。
东南亚语言多属南岛语，其中马来西亚是马来语、英语、汉语、印度语等多元共存的国家，当地华语中存在大量马来语借词为其他华语圈所无有，因此在规范过程中对外求助无援，而译词不统一、文言与口语相异等诸多问题亦阻碍当地华语同其他华语交流传播。当地华语往往被认为用词怪异，口音过重，导致外地人无法理解，这也是当地教育工作者多年以来不断探讨与试图改善的议题。
文字规范原针对媒体与印刷，然要根治语言文字混乱却要从教育着手。马来西亚华文教育工作者多年来试图以规范来处理华语中共同语和译语的问题，然目前教育效果尚不明显。本文以马来语借词着手，究其问题出于华语与外来语词在规范化时分道扬镳、方言和华语读音差异导致用字不统一、文言与口语产生分化。另外目前当地规范译语仍缺乏不少本土特色词。
所述问题获解后将有助于东南亚地区华语同其他华语圈的跨文化交流，并促进全球大华语的的发展和避免教育体系个别孤立。

Rong Lu
Shanghai Shu Yu Jiao Yo Ke Ji You Xian Gong Si, CEO

题目：
当今中国青少年社会与情感学习路径的实证研究

摘要：
本论文聚焦当下中国青少年教育成长的现状，深入探讨青少年抑郁、厌学甚至走向极端等严峻问题的背后原因。同时，阐述了一种经过八年多实践研究验证的有效方法 —— 社会与情感学习小小引导师体验式公益实践活动。
当前，中国青少年面临着巨大的压力，导致越来越多的孩子出现心理问题。社会竞争的加剧、学业压力的沉重以及家庭和社会环境的影响，使得青少年的心理健康状况令人担忧。然而，社会与情感学习小小引导师体验式公益实践活动为解决这一问题提供了新的思路。
通过真实案例和故事，我们可以看到参加小小引导师训练营的孩子们在社会情感学习小游戏、感受分享训练和真实场景实践体验中，逐渐学会立己助人、知行合一。他们不仅提升了自己的社会情感能力，还能够将所学传播给同龄人和家长老师。
这种方法在当今社会内卷和躺平的现状中具有积极意义。它为青少年提供了一个高效的解决问题的途径，帮助他们更好地应对压力，培养积极的心态和价值观。同时，也为家长、教师和社会提供了一种新的教育理念和方法，促进青少年的全面发展与成长。
总之，社会与情感学习小小引导师体验式公益实践活动为中国青少年教育带来了新的希望，值得进一步推广和深入研究。

Wei Liao
Confucius Institute at Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Director

题目：
生成式人工智能给国际中文教育带来的机遇与挑战

摘要：
生成式人工智能(Generative AI)技术的发展为国际 中文教育带来了新的机遇和挑战。作为一种能够自动生成文
本、图像、视频等内容的技术，生成式人工智能尤其是 ChatGPT等语言模型，正在改变传统的教学模式，为国际中文教育的数字化和个性化提供了新的路径。在机遇方面，生 成式人工智能能够根据学习者的需求自动生成个性化的学习材料，提升学生的学习效果，并能有效减轻教师的备课负 担。此外，它还能通过虚拟现实(VR)和增强现实(AR)技术，为学生提供沉浸式的语言和文化体验，促进跨文化沟 通与理解。然而，生成式人工智能在应用过程中也面临一些挑战，如生成内容的文化准确性问题、对教师数字素养的要 求、以及技术过度依赖可能导致的教学质量下降等。为此，本文提出了应对这些挑战的策略，包括加强教师的数字素养 培训、构建科学的评估框架以及探索生成式人工智能与传统教学的深度融合。通过分析生成式人工智能在国际中文教育 中的应用场景和发展趋势，本文旨在为教育工作者提供参考，推动国际中文教育的创新与发展。

Lok Yee Lorraine Wong
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Lecturer

题目：
學生在核心中文課程中使用生成式人工智能工具的情況對課程設計的影響

摘要：
生成式人工智能工具發展迅速，香港師生在進行學與教活動時亦廣泛使用。因此，教師在設計課程時面對下列問題，學生於評估中如何運用生成式人工智能工具？現行教材中有關生成式人工智能工具的內容能否回應學生的學習需要？為解答上述問題，是次研究藉探討本校其中一門中文核心課程，學生在評估中使用生成式人工智能工具的情況，評估學生在運用生成式人工智能工具於語文學習時所需的知識，運用評估結果修訂教材內容，以提升學生的學習動機。為達至上述目的，本研究運用數據分析法，了解學生在評估中使用生成式人工智能工具的情況，為研究提供背景資料；接着運用文本分析法，分析現有教材確定修訂內容，以提升學生的學習動機；最後，運用布魯姆知識分類法組織教材，以回應學生在運用生成式人工智能工具時的個別差異。本研究以分析數據為切入點，運用分析結果，確定本年度修訂教材的三個方向︰增加認知、強化實踐與反思及提升實務操作能力，以回應學生的學習需要，提升其學習動機。

This panel examines the intersection of medicine, religion, and society in China from the Ming to the early Republican period.

Xun Liu
Department of History, Rugters University/Central China Normal University, Associate Professor

Title:
The Sage of Medicine Shrine: Reconstructing Authenticity and Authority of National Medicine in Early Republican China
Abstract:
As the anti-Chinese medicine discourse and activities escalated into a major controversy across the media and even in debates at the national assembly, the Sage of Medicine Shrine (Yisheng ci醫聖祠) in Nanyang 南陽 of Henan province that celebrate the memory of Zhang Zhongjing (張仲景), arguably the most central authority and demigod of Chinese medicine also faced major challenges and underwent a drastic revival due the collective efforts by a group of physicians and herbal merchants at the time. This preliminary study reconstructs the history of the shrine’s revival by examining the efforts led by Huang Weihan (黃維翰, also, Qian謙, h. Zhuzhai竹斋, 1886-1960), a Republican official and a renowned physician and educator of Chinese medicine from Xi’an and a group of local doctors of Chines medicine and herbal merchants in Nanyang to revive and re-consecrate Zhang Zhongjing as the unassailable sage and authority of Chinese medicine by renovating and maintaining the Sage of Medicine Shrine, by republishing and canonizing medical texts and herbal formula attributed to Zhang, and by forming a national association dedicated to the preservation and promulgation of Chinese medicine as the new National Medicine (guoyi國醫) in Nanyang and beyond. Alongside their efforts to renovate the shrine in honor of Zhang Zhongjing, Huang and his cohorts were also engaged in efforts to modernize and standardize the Chinese medical education and training programs throughout China by legislative activism within the National Committee of Chinese Medicine (Quanguo zhongyi weiyuanhui全國中醫委員會)) under the aegis of the Republican government’s Agency of Public Health (weishengshu衛生署). These legislative efforts succeeded in enlisting support from many Republican government officials and politicians in the central Republican government and the Henan provincial regime.
(Refer to the author's personal profile for full abstract)

Lu Cheng
Hubei Academy of Social Sciences, Assistant Researcher

Title:
From Dispelling Diseases to Blessing Pharmaceutical Merchant Groups: Temples of Medicine King and Their Social Functions in Hubei Region During the Ming-Qing China
Abstract:
This paper argues that the prosperity of temples of Medicine King reflected the dual construction of folk beliefs and social space by local social groups in Ming-Qing China. The emergence of temples of Medicine King is closely related to the reform of national ideology in the Ming dynasty. In the situation of the decline of the Three Emperors' worship, the folk reshaped the temple of Medicine King, which enshrines famous ancient doctors and embodies the desire of health. In the regional social environment, temples of Medicine King in Hubei during the Ming and Qing dynasties expanded its diverse social functions. Such as being as a barn, a charity school, a military fortress, and the image of the medicine king worship is also more diverse. Since the 17 century, the pharmaceutical industry in Hankou, the central city of Hubei, has been increasingly prosperous. The Henan merchants, Jiangxi merchants, and other pharmaceutical merchant groups who came to Hankou build up the enshrinement of the Medicine King as a space to maintain their own pharmaceutical trade. At this time, the meaning of the temple of Medicine King has expanded from dispelling diseases to blessing pharmaceutical merchant groups, and its social function has also changed from a common temple to a business hall. The emergence of the “Guild type Temple” in Hankou not only reflects the emerging pharmaceutical merchant group's ability to shape social space, but also showcases the specialized and large-scale landscape of the medicinal herb trading market in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in Qing China.

Yurong Feng
Central China Normal University, Professor

Title:
"The Medicine King Migrated Westward": Beliefs, Medicine, and Market Space of the Temple of Medicine King in Tengchong, Yunnan from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Republic of China
Abstract:
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, most of the Temples of Medicine King (Yaowang药王) were located in northwest and north China, but there was a Yaowang Palace in Tengchong(腾冲), Yunan(云南) province located in the southwest border. Although Yaowang Palace was built by doctors from Jiangxi who migrated west with the army in 1626, based on the Taoist Qingwei Palace(清微宫), it gradually integrated original medical and local resources. The influence of central cultural dynamics was vivid by the expansion of the Five Emperors Tower after the Qing conquest in 1725. Then it was rebuilt by the famous local doctor Ming Yulang(明于朗) rebuilt it in 1887, which was part of a local charity. During the Republic of China period, Yaowang Palace became a gathering place for the Medical Association and pharmaceutical merchants. The election of the Medical Association and the evaluation of the qualifications of Chinese medicine doctors were held here. As the infrastructure expanded, so did its network encompassing beliefs, medicinal economy, and the trade in medicinal materials, consolidating as a hub that symbolized local culture "Teng medicine". This convergence attracted doctors, pharmacists, local officials, and the gentry, reflecting how outsiders integrated into the local area. At the same time, local officials also utilized diverse resources to bolster regional identity. Therefore, the Temple of Medicine King evolved into a space where external influences fused with local elements, enhancing the commercial and social significance of the area.

Xiaomeng Liu
Fudan University, Assistant Professor

Title:
Regional Network and Cult Assemblage: The Temple of Medicine King in Qizhou and the Construction of Popular Belief in North China during the Ming-Qing Period
Abstract: